CHARLES DARWIN 1809-1882

The same is true with the birth of Abraham Lincoln, February 12, 1809 in Shrewsbury, England. Charles Darwin was the inventor of the theory of organic evolution in the sense that natural selection is at the age of sixteen entered the University of Edinburgh to study medicine, but both the medical and anatomical science that makes it deems bored. Soon he moved to Cambridge to study elements of office administration. Even so, hunt and ride horses in Cambridge digemarinya far more than the learning of science. And even so, she's still able to attract the attention of one of the Grand Masters are encouraged to participate in a voyage on board HMS investigation Beagle as a naturalist. At first her father objected to this appointment. She thought the trip like that is just an excuse just reluctant to make Darwin a serious job. Fortunately, later the father could be persuaded, and bless the journey which ultimately proved to be a journey of the most valuable in the history of European science.
Darwin began to go sailing on board the Beagle in 1831. At that time he was only twenty-two years. Within five years of shipping, ship Beagle sailed the world, scour the coast of South America in an exciting pace, explore the Galapagos Islands a quiet secluded, mengambah islands in the Pacific, the Ocean Indonesia and the southern Atlantic Ocean. In perkelanaan it, Darwin witnessed many miracles of nature, visiting primitive tribes, found a large number of fossils, examine the various kinds of plants and animal species. Furthermore, he made many notes about anything that passes in front of her eyes. These records are the basic ingredient for almost all of his work in the future. From these records are just ideas, and events and experiences to be supporting his theories.
Darwin returned to his country in 1836 and twenty years afterwards he published a line of books, which made him a famous biologist in the UK. Commencing from the year 1837 Darwin convinced that animals and plants are not fixed, but changes in the course of geological history. At that time he was not aware of what causes the occurrence of evolution. In 1838 he read an essay "Concerning the principles of population" Thomas Malthus. Malthus's book is menyuguhkannya the facts that led more convinced of natural selection through competition to sustain life. Even after Darwin succeeded in formulating the principles of natural selection, he was in no hurry to print and publish it. He was conscious, his theory would invite challenges. Therefore, he takes a long time carefully preparing the evidence and put the horses to maintain the hypothesis if there are attacks.
The outline of the theory written in 1842 and in 1844 he began compiling his book at length. In June 1858, when Darwin was still being added to increase and improve the book by size, he received a manuscript from Alfred Russel Wallace (a British naturalist who was located in the East) outlined his own theory of evolution. In each of the basic problems, along with Wallace's theory Darwin's theory! Wallace was developing his theory is really standing on his own mind and send the manuscript to Darwin's writings to ask for opinions and commentary from prominent scientists signed it before printing. The situation was bad because it is easy to grow so the fight is not desired to scramble priorities. Way out, both Wallace's script and the outlines of Darwin's theory simultaneously addressed by a scientific body in the next month.
Simply amazing, preposing this problem is not so neglected people. Darwin's book The Origin of Species published in the following year, causing much controversy. It is in fact probably never have published a book of science that is so widespread and so so so warm conversation material, both within the scientists or laymen, such as occurs in the book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or The Preservation of Favoured Races in the Strugle for Life. They put forward an argument remain exciting in 1871 when Darwin published The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex. This book, put forward the idea that human beings originated from a type of monkey, adding the thrill of debate opinions.
Darwin himself did not take part in debates in public about the theories say. It could be because health is so because after perkelanaannya parrjang with the ship Beagle (most likely due to fever, due to insect bites Chaga disease in Latin America). And it could be because she felt quite have such a staunch supporter of Thomas H. Huxley a debate champion and defender of Darwin's theory, most scientists agree the basics of Darwin's theory of truth when the relevant niati 1882.
Actually - if you want to talk to a real or not real - not the first inventor of Darwin's theory of evolution. Some people have menyuarakannya before him, including the French naturalist Jean Lamarek and Darwin's own grandfather, Erasmus Darwin.
However, their hypothesis is never accepted by the scientific world because it was unable to give assurance of how and in what way evolution occurs. Darwin's greatest contribution is its ability not only present the mechanism of natural selection that resulted in the occurrence of natural evolution, but he is also capable of presenting a lot of evidence to support the hypothesis.
Worthy of note, Darwin's theory was formulated without any backrest genetic theory or in fact he did not know anything about that knowledge. In Darwin's time, no one would understand how a particular matter of the next generation. Although Gregor Mendel's laws were completed descendants in those years coincided with the time Darwin wrote and published his book which makes history, Mendel's work that support Darwin's theory is so perfect, almost entirely ignored Mendel people until 1900, when Darwin's theory is so well-established and steady. So, our modern understanding about evolution - which is a combination of genetic science to the law of natural selection descent - more complete than Darwin's theories proffered.
Darwin's influence on human thought in sekah. In terms of pure science, of course, he was committing a revolutionary all aspects of biology. Natural selection really have a very broad principles and fundamental, and various attempts had been made its application in various areas such as anthropology, sociology, political science and economics.
Perhaps even more important influence on Darwin's thinking in terms of religion rather than on science or sociology. In Darwin's time and for years afterward, many loyal followers of Christianity believe that accepting Darwin's theory mean lower degree of confidence in religion. Their concern is probably unfounded because although clearly many other factors that be because the dilution of religious belief. (Darwin himself became a secular).
Even on the basis of secular, Darwinian theory lead to major changes in the way people think about happenings in their world they (the human race it seems) as a whole no longer occupy a central position in the natural scheme of things, as was their nature akukan. Now we should see ourselves as one part only of the many creatures and we acknowledge the possibility that once a date will be shifted. As a result of the investigation results of Darwin, the view of Heraclitus who said, "Nothing is permanent except change" becomes more widely accepted. Successful theory of evolution as a general explanation of the origin of humans have more solidified confidence in the ability of science to answer any questions the physical world (although not all human problems and human). Glossary Darwin, "The strong defeating the weak" and "Struggle for life" had become a part of our dictionary.
Indeed, Darwin's theory will be explained as well though such as Darwin had never lived in the world. Moreover, the measure of what has been produced by Wallace, it is quite contain the truth, more than any particulars contained in this book list. However, it is Darwin's writings that has revolutionized biology and antropolgi and it was he who changed our view on the position of humans in the world.

Christopher Columbus 1451-1506 Tokoh pengubah Eropa

Colombus, dalam upaya mencari jalan dari Eropa ke Timur, tak sengaja menemui benua Amerika yang membuatnya lebih berpengaruh dalam sejarah dunia, di luar dugaannya sendiri. Penemuannya sekaligus merupakan mahkota eksplorasi dan kolonisasi Dunia Baru dan sekaligus pula merupakan tonggak penting dalam sejarah. Colombus bagaikan membuka pintu bagi bangsa Eropa dua benua untuk pemukiman baru, menyebar penduduk dan menyediakan sumber kekayaan mineral dan isi bumi yang pada gilirannya mengubah wajah Eropa. Berbarengan dengan itu, penemuannya juga mengakibatkan hancurnya kebudayaan bangsa Indian. Dalam jangka panjang, penemuan itu melahirkan satu bangsa baru di benua belahan Barat, yang dengan amat cepatnya membedakan diri dengan bangsa Indian selaku penduduk asli. Walhasil, Colombus membawa perubahan besar bagi bangsa-bangsa di Dunia Lama.
Garis besar kisah Colombus bukan masalah baru. Dia dilahirkan di Genoa, Itali, tahun 1451. Tatkala berangkat dewasa, dia menjadi nakhoda kapal dan seorang navigator yang cekatan. Akhirnya Colombus yakin bukan mustahil menemukan jalan lebih praktis ke daerah Asia di timur dengan cara berlayar ke arah barat melintasi Samudra Atlantik dan dia dengan tekun merintis tekadnya. Tentu saja niat besar ini tidak bakal terlaksana tanpa biaya cukup. Karena itulah Colombus membujuk Ratu Isabella I menyediakan anggaran untuk ekspedisi percobaannya.
Kapalnya melepas sauh pelabuhan Spanyol tanggal 3 Agustus 1492. Melabuh pertama di Kepulauan Canary di lepas pantai Afrika. Membongkar sauh di Kepulauan Canary tanggal 6 September dan berlayar laju arah ke barat. Sebuah pelayaran yang bukan main panjang, sehingga tidak aneh jika para awak kapal merasa ngeri dan kepingin balik saja. Colombus? Tidak! Perjalanan mesti diteruskan, sekali layar terkembang pantang digulung. Dan tanggal 2 Oktober 1492 bagaikan seutas sutera hijau daratan tampak di haluan.
Colombus kembali ke Spanyol bulan Maret berikutnya dari penjelajahan yang dahsyat itu disambut orang dengan penuh penghormatan. Sesudah itu dia melakukan serentetan pelayaran melintas Atlantik dengan harapan menjejakkan kaki di Cina dan Jepang. Tetapi sia-sia! Colombus tetap bersiteguh pada pikirannya bahwa dia sudah menemukan jalur perjalanan ke Asia Timur jauh sebelum orang lain sadar.
Ratu Isabella menjanjikan Colombus jadi gubernur di pulau mana pun yang ditemuinya. Tetapi, selaku administrator dia betul-betul tidak becus sehingga dipecat dari jabatannya dan dikirim pulang ke Spanyol dengan tangan terbelenggu. Tetapi, sesampainya di Spanyol dia dibebaskan hanya saja tak pernah diberi jabatan lagi. Kabar angin mengatakan Colombus mati dalam kemiskinan tanpa ada dana apa pun. Tatkala kematiannya di tahun 1506 --kabar lain lagi-- ada jugalah sedikit harta kekayaannya.
Jelas, pelayaran pertama Colombus merupakan perubahan revolusioner bagi sejarah Eropa, dan malahan punya pengaruh lebih besar bagi Benua Eropa. Anak-anak sekolah semua menghafal tahun 1492 merupakan tahun penting. Walau begitu masih ada banyak kemungkinan yang keberatan menempatkan nama Colombus dalam urutan daftar buku ini.
Salah satu keberatan adalah karena bukannya Colombus orang Eropa pertama yang menemukan Dunia Baru. Leif Ericson, pelaut Viking, berabad-abad sebelum Colombus sudah menjejakkan kaki di Benua Amerika dan bolehlah dipercaya beberapa orang Eropa lain juga sudah menyeberangi Samudera Atlantik di masa-masa antara Leif Ericson dan Colombus.
Dari sudut sejarah, Leif Ericson bukanlah tokoh penting. Hal-hal menyangkut penemuannya belum pernah tersebar luas, begitu pula tidak meninggalkan perubahan apa pun baik di Amerika maupun Eropa. Sebaliknya, berita penemuan Amerika oleh Colombus menyebar bagai kilat ke seluruh Eropa. Hanya beberapa tahun sekembalinya Colombus, dan sebagai akibat langsung dari penemuannya, banyak ekspedisi tambahan berdatangan di Dunia Baru dan penaklukan serta kolonisasi pun mulailah.
Seperti halnya tokoh-tokoh lain di dalam buku ini, Colombus mudah terkena gangguan pelbagai komentar seakan-akan apa yang ia lakukan orang lain juga lakukan andaikata Colombus tidak pernah hidup di dunia. Eropa abad ke-15 M berada dalam keadaan risau dan berkemelut: dunia perdagangan berkembang, penjelajahan daerah baru tak terelakkan. Bangsa Portugis nyatanya memang aktif amat mencari arus jalan baru ke Timur, pada saat-saat menentukan sebelum Colombus.
Adalah mungkin sekali Amerika cepat atau lambat ditemukan oleh orang Eropa; bahkan mungkin sekali kalaulah ada penundaan, saatnya tidak begitu lama. Tetapi perkembangan berikutnya akan sangat jauh berbeda apabila Amerika ditemukan --katakanlah tahun 1510-- oleh ekspedisi orang Perancis atau Inggris dan bukannya tahun 1492 oleh Colombus. Dengan dalih apa pun memang nyatanya Colombuslah orang yang menemukan benua Amerika.
Kemungkinan keberatan ketiga adalah, bahkan sebelum perjalanan Colombus banyak orang-orang Eropa abad ke-15 yang sudah maklum bahwa sesungguhnya bumi ini bulat bentuknya. Teori ini sudah diungkapkan oleh filosof Yunani berabad-abad sebelumnya, dan pembenaran yang tak tergoyahkan dari hipotesa Aristoteles sudah cukup untuk meyakinkan kaum terpelajar Eropa di tahun 1400-an. Sementara itu, Colombus sendiri tidak terkenal orang yang menunjukkan bahwa bumi ini bulat. (Paling tidak, dia tidak berhasil melakukannya). Dia masyhur dalam hal penemuan Dunia Baru, yang baik orang Eropa abad ke-15 atau Aristoteles tak tahu menahu adanya benua Amerika.
Akhlak Colombus tidaklah sepenuhnya dikagumi. Dia terkenal kikir. Sifat inilah yang menyebabkan dia menghadapi kesulitan memperoleh tunjangan dana dari Ratu Isabella karena Colombus terlampau menampakkan keserakahannya tatkala melakukan tawar-menawar. Juga --walaupun tidak pantas menuduhnya menurut ukuran etika jaman sekarang-- dia memperlakukan orang-orang Indian dengan kekejaman yang sangat. Karena itu, daftar buku ini bukanlah terdiri dari orang-orang yang paling bijak bestari dalam sejarah, melainkan orang yang paling berpengaruh, dan dalam kerangka ukuran ini Colombus menempati urutan nyaris paling atas.